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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with exceptionally modified powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretionsare a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and enormous swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may further moult to become soldiers alates.

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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, both male and female workers may have different functions in a termite colony.63.

The life span of a termite begins try this website with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, his explanation workers must feed thembut employees also get involved in the social life of their colony and have certain different tasks to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased degrees of damage seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they do, they excavate a chamber big enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to mate.70 After mating, the pair never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.

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For example, alates in certain species appear Bonuses during the daytime in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees provide assistance.

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